AnswersIndustrialization Jopp Lecture June 16, 2003

Applied English: review of . . .
Introduction to Industrialization of the U.S. (the late 19th - early 20th centuries)
Professor Jopp's lecture on Monday, June 16, 2003

industrialization	development of factories and mass production of goods
hallmarks	important characteristics
"by machine"	made using machines
"by hand"	made using hands
"time/work discipline"	the idea that a person must go to work at a certain time, eat lunch at a certain time, and do work directed by someone else
mass production	making thousands or millions of things that are exactly alike in factories
standardized	everything is the same everywhere; for example, shoes sizes are the same everywhere in the country
self-sufficiency (n) self-sufficient (adj)	independence (n) = being able to survive without help; independent (adj)
de-skilled work	work that anyone can do; work that doesn't require special skills or training
labor relations	relations between owners, managers, and workers
class relations	relations between the upper, middle and lower social and economic classes of people in society
a managerial and professional middle class	a class of people that aren't rich and aren't poor: skilled managers, teachers, dentists, etc.
tenements	small, poorly-built, crowed, dirty, urban apartments for workers
city services	electricity, water, garbage pick-up, transportation, etc.

1. What were three hallmarks of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the U.S.? industrialization, urbanization, and immigration

2. What changes resulted from industrialization? (at least 6)

products were made by machine in factories
- products no longer made by hand
the nature of work changed when people left home to work
- home and work became separate
watches and clocks become important because people needed to go to work at a certain time
- "time/work discipline" became important
Mass production meant products became standardized
People bought things instead of making them
- money became important
- people were less self-sufficient
- advertising became important
work became de-skilled; this work was not so satisfying
labor relations changed
- people worked with a lot of other people under a manager
class relations changed
- during this period of history, people became less equal
  - wealthy people who owned big companies became much richer; the wealthy became wealthier
  - there were much larger numbers of poor people
    - most were new immigrants (there were millions)
    - (most blacks still lived in "the south" and worked in agriculture; they were poor, but were not the largest number of poor)
  - a new kind of middle class developed and grew
    - a managerial and professional middle class (educated managers, dentists, doctors, etc.)
  - for the first time in American history, there were very different classes

3. What caused urbanization? What were the results of urbanization?

factories were urban (in the cities)
the millions of new immigrants went to the cities, not to farms
people left the countryside and moved to cities
the cities grew so fast than basic services (lights, garbage pick-up, education, etc.) were not sufficient
living conditions in the cities were very bad

4. What were the "new" immigrants like?

from about 1890 to about 1915, most new immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe (for example, Italy, Russia and Poland)
most of these immigrants were very, very poor
most had no skills, no money, and no English skills
most new immigrants were Catholic, not Protestant like the people already in the U.S.